Clinical study report for plavix Case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Clinical report for plavix - Case Study Example in any event a scene of atherothrombotic occasion like coronary illness, stroke just as those determined to have fringe blood vessel maladies described by issues with blood streaming into supply routes particularly in the leg area. This medication is additionally endorsed for patients determined to have intense coronary condition (ACS) and those with blood vessel fibrillation (AF); described by quick and unpredictable pulses (Dickie, Jennifer, and Lesley 34). Platelets are liable for the coagulating of blood at whatever point it is vital for instance, when one has a cut and in doing so forestalls father draining and discharge. If veins are limited by plagues, the body responds by amassing together and they may happiness and further increment narrowing of these vessels, which is, prone to expand the opportunity of respiratory failure, stroke and other circulatory issue. This medication demonstrations by lessening the odds of these events by forestalling the coagulation in any case. Plavix acts by irreversibly authoritative to the P2Y12 receptors on platelets and forestalling Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) from enacting platelets, which structure clusters. Medication has a place with the gathering of medications called P2Y12 inhibitors and is like the medication Ticlopidine (Ticlid) in its concoction structure and instrument of activity. The main contrast is that Clopidogrel bisulfates don't cause genuine decrease in the white platelet include as found in patients on Ticlopidine subsequently there is no requirement for customary tests to decide white platelet checks. Plavix is utilized to forestall the danger of coronary illness and stroke in patients who have had an ongoing scene of cardiovascular failure, stroke and limited conduits just as those experiencing fringe vascular sickness described by torment in the leg, which could be debilitating. The US Food and Drug Association (FDA) affirmed this medication in 1997. This medication is utilized in avoidance of atherothrombotic occasions like myocardial localized necrosis (MI), Stroke and vascular passing in patients with

Effects of Smoking on the Human Body Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Impacts of Smoking on the Human Body - Essay Example Once breathed in, carbon monoxide arrives at the circulation system through the lungs and alveoli, it ties to the hemoglobin bit of the red platelets, framing a steady compound called carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb). The steadiness of the compound is because of the way that hemoglobin has a 200â€250 occasions higher liking for carbon monoxide than it has for oxygen. Consequently, the oxygen-conveying limit of the hemoglobin is diminished, restricting oxygen gracefully to cells and tissues. The infections brought about by constrained oxygen in the blood incorporate cardiovascular illness, stroke, and circulatory issues. Tar then again, collects in the lung, causing the irritation of the mucous film of the bronchi, the trachea, and the bronchioles, harms the lungs, decreases the size of the aviation route. Smoke in this manner meddles with the working of the respiratory framework and causes interminable bronchitis and diligent hack. Tar additionally harms the cilia on the upper segments o f the respiratory framework and expands mucus creation. At long last, the synthetic compounds in smoke harm the lungs, decrease lung surface region and influence the alveoli’s’ usefulness. Lung malignant growth, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), mouth and throat malignant growth, and expanded asthma indications are the other respiratory impacts of smoking (National Cancer Institute, 2008). ... One of the components by which smoking prompts raised CO2 levels in the blood is that the hurtful synthetic compounds in the smoke harms the alveoli of the lungs. This harm infers that the CO2 shaped in different pieces of the body and moved to the lungs for disposal isn't effectively wiped out at the alveoli surfaces, prompting expanded degrees of CO2 in the blood. How Smoking Affects other Organ Systems Besides the respiratory framework, smoking influences other organ frameworks, for example, the circulatory framework. In this framework, smoking causes the blood thickening, blockages and narrowing of veins, expanded dangers of strokes and cardiovascular failures, expanded circulatory strain, palpitations. These conditions cause different diseases that may require techniques, for example, removal. The sensory system and the mind are additionally influenced by tobacco smoking, which diminishes oxygen gracefully to the cerebrum as hemoglobin consolidates with carbon monoxide. The typi cal working of the CNS is influenced as sensitive nerve endings are harms and blood gracefully meddled with (The New York Times, 2002). Moreover, smoking causes consideration shortfall and memory issues. The insusceptible framework is likewise influenced by the tobacco poisons that enter the body through smoking with the goal that the working of the white platelets is impeded. In this manner, the body gets powerless against diseases. The regenerative framework is likewise not saved by smoking, which may cause erectile brokenness, impotency, sterility, menopause, and low weight births. Associating Cellular Respiration with the Respiratory System The relationship between's cell breath and the respiratory framework is somewhat clear. For example, short cell breath in the lungs,

Vicksburg

Vicksburg Vicksburg, city (1990 pop. 20,908), seat of Warren co., W Miss., on bluffs above the Mississippi River at the mouth of the Yazoo; inc. 1825. An important port, it is the commercial, processing, and shipping center for a cotton, timber, and livestock area. There is petroleum refining and food processing; Vicksburg's many manufactures include asphalt; wood, metal, plastic, paper, and rubber products; apparel; mobile homes; heating equipment; tubing and pipes; and fertilizers. There was a French fort nearby in the early 18th cent., and the Spanish established Fort Nogales in 1791. The area came into U.S. possession in 1798. Vicksburg became a busy river port, and in the Civil War it was a major objective in Grant's Vicksburg campaign . The city fell July 4, 1863, after 14 months of naval shelling, 7 months of land assault, and 47 days of total siege. River traffic, which fell off greatly in the late 19th and early 20th cent., has been aided by the U.S. Mississippi River Commission, w hose headquarters are at Vicksburg. Nearby is the U.S. Waterways Experiment Station. Sections of the city were flooded in Apr., 1973. Antebellum homes are in the city and the surrounding area. In Vicksburg National Military Park (see National Parks and Monuments , table) are preserved trenches and fortifications of the Civil War siege. North of the city is a national cemetery containing Civil War dead, including c.13,000 unknown Union soldiers brought from temporary burial places all over the South. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Latino-American Discrimination - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1356 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Discrimination Essay Did you like this example? Every society forms different cultures and social norms of how people behave and constructs stereotypes and expectations of people based on their physical appearance and cultural backgrounds. Once set, social norms are unlikely to be changed over time. This social construction decides which group will have benefits or privileges and which ones wont. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Latino-American Discrimination" essay for you Create order Most of the time, white people are seen as the race that receives these benefits and privileges, these social norms are based around them and their culture. In our society, we deal with many forms of oppression on a day to day basis. Unfortunately, different groups of people are more oppressed than others. Throughout the years Latinos have undergone tremendous amounts of oppression. They are seen as an inferior race and portrayed as different when it comes to the whites. Since the 1840s, anti-Latino prejudice has led to illegal deportations, school segregation and even lynching often-forgotten events that echo the civil-rights violations of African-Americans in the Jim Crow-era South. Looking through history, it is accurate enough to say that the oppression that latinos have undergone is the result of hatred. The basis of Latino-American discrimination began around 1848, when the United States won the Mexican-American War against Mexico. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which marked the wars end, added an additional 525,000 square miles to United States territory, including the land that makes up all or parts of present-day Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. With that land came new citizens. The Mexicans who decided to stay in what was now U.S. territory were granted citizenship. The country gained a considerable amount of Mexican-American people. As the 19th century advanced, political events in Mexico made emigration to the United States a popular choice. This was great news to American employers like the Southern Pacific Railroad, which desperately needed cheap labor to help build new tracks. The railroad and other companies flouted existing immigration laws that banned importing contracted labor and sent recruiters into Mexico to convince Mexican citizens to emigrate to America. Working for these companies and employers were deemed as jobs that not many Americans wanted to do. This means that many Mexicans took these jobs since they were the only jobs with an influx of positions. These employers discovered that these migrants were in desperate need of money after coming to America and found out that they could be hired for cheap labor. These new U.S citizens from Mexico were beginning to gain a lot of hatred since it seemed like they were stealing all the jobs from white Americans. With this, Anti-Latino sentiment grew alo ng with immigration. Latinos were not allowed in Anglo establishments and segregated into urban barrios in very poor areas where drug and crime rates were high. Though Latinos were critical to the U.S. economy and often were American citizens, everything from their language to the color of their skin to their countries of origin could be used as a pretext for discrimination and prejudice. They were treated as an inferior race and stereotypes were created stating that those who spoke Spanish were lazy, stupid and undeserving. In some cases, this prejudice judgement turned fatal. The violence of Latinos, although it has been around for awhile, one could pinpoint its starting point around the time of Californias Gold Rush. On January 24th, 1848, on the day when gold was discovered in California, the majority of the population was still Mexican. But, within just a few years by 1850, the Mexican population fell to 15%. It fell to 4% by 1870. The stereotype of many Mexican women at this time was horrible to say the least. It was said that Mexican women were basically viewed as sexually promiscuous. One case for example, in 1851 a mob of vigilantes accused Josefa Segovia of murdering a white man who had attacked her and tried to rape her due to these false assumptions of Latino women. After a fake trial, the friends of the white miner who was murdered, marched her through the streets of Downieville and lynched her. Over 2,000 men gathered to watch, shouting racial slurs. Other Mexicans were attacked on suspicion of sleeping with white women or insulting white peop le. Mob violence against Spanish-speaking people was very common throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is estimated that the number of Latinos killed by mobs reached into the thousands, though there is only documentation for 547 cases. They didnt care who the target was, as long as the werent white they were the subject of a hate crime. Even children became victims of the violence. In 1911, a mob of over 100 people hanged a 14-year-old boy, Antonio Gomez, after he was arrested for the murder of Charles Zieschang who was harassing the 14 year old child. Rather than let the boy serve time in jail, the townspeople, who were a majority white, decided to take things into their own hands and lynched him, dragging his body through the streets of Thorndale, Texas. These and other horrific acts of cruelty lasted until the 1920s, when the Mexican government began pressuring the United States and their citizens to end the violence. Though mob brutality eventually came to a stop, the hatred of Spanish-speaking Americans however, did not. In the late 1920s, anti-Mexican sentiment grew as the Great Depression began. As the stock market crashed and the unemployment rate grew, white Americans accused Mexicans and other foreigners of stealing jobs from the Americans and attempted to put the blame on them. Mexican-Americans were discouraged and forbidden from accepting aid. As fears about the economy and the jobs spread, the United States forcibly removed at least 2 million people of Mexican descent from the country up to 60 percent of whom were American citizens. Latinos. Referred to as repatriations, the removals were anything but voluntary. Sometimes, private employers, personally drove their employees to the border and kicked them out to fend for themselves. In other cases, local governments cut off relief, raided gathering places or offered free train fare to Mexico. Colorado even ordered all of its Mexicans, which in reality was anyone who spoke Spanish or looked to be of Latin descent, to leave the state in 1936 and blocked off its southern border to keep people from leaving. The so-called repatriation effort was, in large part, a misnomer, given the fact that as many as sixty percent of those sent to home Mexico were U.S. citizens: American-born children of Mexican-descent who had never before traveled south of the border. These people were forced to leave their homes, their families, everything behind just because they were viewed as the problem in a failing society. Though no formal decree was ever declared to issue immigration authorities, INS officials deported about 82,000 people during this period. Another ill remembered facet of anti-Latino discrimination in the United States segregation in school. Unlike the South, which had explicit laws against African-American children from white schools, segregation was not enshrined in the laws of the southwestern United States. However, Latino people were excluded from restaurants, movie theaters and schools like the African-Americans were. Latino students were expected to attend separate Mexican schools throughout the southwest in the 1870s. Mexican-American students had languished in inferior Mexican schools to which they were assigned based on name and skin complexion. Today, there is an estimated 54 million Latinos that live in the U.S. and there are around 43 million people who speak Spanish. Though Latinos make up the countrys largest minority, anti-Latino prejudice is still common in the United States. Over half the population of Latinos surveyed said that they had experienced some sort of discrimination in their lifetime. Althou gh lynchings, repatriation programs, and school segregation may seem like things of the past, anti-Latino discrimination in the U.S. is still far from over. Correa, Tom. The American Cowboy Chronicles. Livestock Grazing Benefits Public Lands, 1 Jan. 1970, www.americancowboychronicles.com/2018/03/josefa-segovia-woman-lynched-in.html. ANTONIO GOMEZ LYNCHING. The Handbook of Texas Online| Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jca02. https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/jca02 Wagner, Alex. Americas Forgotten History of Illegal Deportations. The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 6 Mar. 2017, www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/americas-brutal-forgotten-history-of-illegal-deportations/517971/.

How Does Modern Life Evolve Over Millions Of Years Or Was...

Did modern life evolve over millions of years or was it created by God? The controversy started when Charles Darwin published his book On the Origin of Species. His theory of evolution stated that all life evolved from a single-celled organism. However, creationists rejected this theory. They referenced the Bible’s Book of Genesis for the historical account of how life was created. But without a doubt, there is undeniable evidence to support the fact that life on earth came from a common ancestor. With the recent advances in both science and technology, scientists can use fossil records, genetic changes and anatomical similarities to prove that life as we know it evolved from one common ancestor. The remains and imprints of organisms found in earlier geological periods are still preserved in sedimentary rocks. These fossil records allow scientists to look through vast periods of time and attest to the fact that some species have transitional traits found in larger groups of organisms. This proves that species evolved from a distant ancestor and were not fixed there by God. Animals such as apes and the Archaeopteryx are evidence of the missing links and the gaps humanity has filled in the fossil records. They are also examples of transitional species that have tied different groups of species together through common traits and skeletal features. Fossil records also prove that single-celled organisms were succeeded by multi-celled organisms which ties back to Charles DarwinShow MoreRelatedAnthropology Essay Assignment1154 Words   |  5 Pagesanthropology. Evolution refers to change over time. In terms of physical anthropology, evolution is changes over time in living organisms. This means that living things have passed their traits from one generation to the next. There are very little changes that occur with each generation, but over time these changes accumulate in each living organism. It is believed that all life on Earth has common ancestry that lived more than 3.5 billions of years ago (Park, 2008). 2) Define evolutionRead MoreWhat is Evolution? You might think of evolution as a mutational problem, which fits with the1400 Words   |  6 Pagesappears to happen in a certain population over time. When I say the word â€Å"population† I am saying it is a group of the same species that happens to share the same specific location and habitat. Evolutionary changes often occur all the time near the genetic level. What I am actually saying is that evolution is a process that will result in many changes in which are passed on or inherited from generation to generation. It does not, for example, describe how some people can just so happen to change theirRead MoreThe Design Argument : The Theory Argument1608 Words   |  7 Pagesthe past hundred years, a great debate has shaken the foundation religious and scientific beliefs of society. Philosophers have been arguing about such a debate for hundreds of years, but there does not seem to be any consensus on whether on the existence of god and the universe. The ancient world never battled over such questions, rather they had accepted the fact that the natural world was created by some being. However, as society made major advancements, the question about god s existence andRead MoreThe Debate Between Evolution and Creationism1648 Words   |  7 PagesIf the question was posed as to what is the debate between creationism vs. evolution consist of, the thought that it is ‘â€Å"God did it† vs. â€Å"Natural processes did it,†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Scott, 2004) may arise. Science cannot absolutely prove or disprove Creation or Evolution. Yet scientist and the remainder of society use creationism and evolution to prove our existence. Creationist believe in the Christian account of the origin as recorded in Genesis. Creationism is the belief that statements such as â€Å"In the beginningRead MoreEvolution Is A Fact Or An Opinion?1794 Words   |  8 PagesThe issue centered on the argument of whether evolut ion is a fact or an opinion has been discussed ever since the idea of evolution was introduced. The purpose of this paper is to argue that evolution is a fact, and therefore a theory. Those who disagree with this statement generally looks at the argument with a religious background rather than a scientific one. There is an abundance of evidence that supports the argumentative side that supports evolution and very little evidence that supports theRead MoreEvolution Is More Correct Than Creationism1196 Words   |  5 PagesHowever, Creationism doesn’t have all of the answers. Over 60 percent of people believe in evolution. Why shouldn’t you? Evolution is defined as â€Å"the slow process by which changes in plants and animals happen over time† (Webster’s Dictionary). Evolution is how humans and other species got to the state that they are currently in. Creationism is â€Å"a doctrine or theory holding that matter, the various forms of life, and the world were created by God out of nothing and usually in the way described inRead MoreCreation or Evolution of the Earth1652 Words   |  7 Pages Was it creation or evolution? That is the question that is more popular today than ever. There are many different theories to the creation of the earth and the development of man. The big question is which one was actually true. Scientists will tell you evolution is how man was created. Creationists or Christians will tell you that creation was how man was created. Which group of people is right? There is a bill in Texas State Congress over a new proposed set of guidelines for teaching biologyRead MoreArgument Between Science and Religion Essay1550 Words   |  7 Pagesmajority of the evidence points to the other? The argument between science and religion began with Charles Darwin publishing Origin of the Species, and since then, is still a conflict, because every individual questions: Where do people come from? Where does the earth come from? The universe? Not only Charles Darwin, but many scientist who followed Charles Darwin as a paragon of evolution, found evidence and answers to argue that evolution is the more reasonable theory in the question of: Where did everythingRead MoreDarwinists and Dissenters1535 Words   |  7 PagesDid God create the universe or did the universe create itself? Ever since Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species was first published in 1859, the debate between those that believe life was brought into existence by supernatural means a nd those who believe in Darwin’s theory of evolution has been fierce. Each side presents compelling arguments that may sway any uneducated reader to agree with their position based solely on the confidence they portray in their writings. However, because of the vastnessRead MoreHorror Films: Things That Go Bump in the Night Essay1265 Words   |  6 Pagessolid reasoning. As time moves forward so does technology. Although the most popular outlet for the horror genre nowadays is a good horror film this was not always the case because â€Å"Before there were horror movies, there were written or spoken horror narratives, fables handed down from one generation to the next, and, as we shall see, the theatrical presentations designed to thrill and horrify audiences† (Dixon 1). Over time, individual cultures created the same monsters but customized them to their

Marketing Ppt Free Essays

string(93) " unwilling to share their data related to their sales with anyone, even with their supplier\." PROJECT REPORT OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT GUIDED BY:PRESENTED BY: Prof. T. T. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Ppt or any similar topic only for you Order Now NIRANJANNITIN BANSAL 129278039 RANJAN SAHU 129278041 ROHIT MANGAL 129278053 SAURABH SINHA 129278057 Project Report On| | | | Taxonomy of Implementation Problems in VMI| | Contents Executive summary3 Introduction4 Under the typical business model:4 Vendor Managed Inventory model:4 Consignment Inventory:4 Vendor Managed Inventory and Stakeholder’s Challenges5 Challenges faced in implementation of Vendor Managed Inventory7 Analysis of Cases of implementing Vendor Managed Inventory9 Conclusion11 References12 Executive summary The goal of Vendor Managed Inventory is to provide a mutually beneficial relationship where both sides Customer and Vendor will be able to control the availability and flow of goods more smoothly and accurately. In  VMI  a manufacturer or distributor assumes the role of inventory planning for the customer. Extensive information sharing is required so that the manufacturer/distributor can maintain a high degree of visibility of its goods at the customer’s location. Instead of the customer reordering when its supply has been exhausted, the supplier is responsible for replenishing and stocking the customer at appropriate levels. Wal-Mart has mastered  VMI  and is the company against which many other organizations benchmark themselves. This report covers various issues that are to be considered to implement the Vendor Managed Inventory. It is realized in the report that several risks are to be considered while executing VMI. The proper analysis is done in seeking the scenarios where one issue becomes a key factor in deciding to implement VMI or not. Both Marketers and Distributors have their own issues to challenge the implementation of VMI. Focus of the report is to determine taxonomy of implementation problems in VMI. Introduction A means of optimizing Supply Chain performance in which the manufacturer is responsible for maintaining the distributor’s inventory levels. The manufacturer has access to the distributor’s inventory data and is responsible for generating purchase orders. We can see the differences in maintain inventory as: Under the typical business model: When a distributor needs product, they place an order against a manufacturer. The distributor is in total control of the timing and size of the order being placed. The distributor maintains the inventory plan. Vendor Managed Inventory model: The manufacturer receives electronic data (usually via EDI or the internet) that tells him the distributor’s sales and stock levels. The manufacturer can view every item that the distributor carriers as well as true point of sale data. The manufacturer is responsible for creating and maintaining the inventory plan. Under VMI, the manufacturer generates the order*, not the distributor. *Note: VMI does not change the â€Å"ownership† of inventory. It remains as it did prior to VMI. Consignment Inventory: When the supplier places inventory at a customer’s location and retains ownership of the inventory. Payment is not made until the item is actually sold. A VMI relationship may or may not involve consignment inventory. Vendor Managed Inventory and Stakeholder’s Challenges Vendor Managed Inventory primarily have various stakeholder’s involved which includes Vendor/Manufacturer or distributor and retailer. Let us examine challenges faced by each: Challenges in VMI Implementation from vendor’s side High administrative costs: – Suppliers would have to face higher administrative costs. They will have to allocate additional staff resources to properly manage the replenishment activities that were previously managed by the retailer. So to overcome these additional costs, vendors must have to save enough money from the inventory costs and sufficient sales volumes and gross margins Loss of market share due to less shelf coverage: – VMI would help in reducing the inventory which could lead to the less coverage of the shelf space on the retailer’s shop which might lead to the reduction in the market share for that product. To resolve this issue, vendor can provide more stock keeping units of the same product to fill the shelf space and to maintain the market share. Challenges in VMI Implementation from retailer’s side Loss of Control: – If VMI is implemented, then there is always a fear in the mind of the retailer that he would loose his control over the operations management. All the decisions like when to order, how much to keep as inventory and when to sell the product would be managed by the vendor now which can also have some impact on the profit margin of the retailer. Eg. In many cases, Vendor gives discounts to the retailer if they buy in bulk and hence above mentioned questions become crucial for the retailer from financial point of view. In case of products with high shelf life, he might want to order in bulk once, instead of ordering in small lots. Danger of being replaced: – Retailer would be afraid that after implementing of VMI, when almost all the operations management related decisions are taken by the vendor, then the vendor might also think of forward integrating. Hence he would not be fully cooperative in sharing of the data and he would always try to make his presence felt in decision making to show the importance of his role. Fear of losing other vendors: – The retailer would be afraid of losing other vendors, since in the FMCG business; retailers get products from a lot of vendors to maintain variety for the customers. It would be difficult to choose the vendor who will manage the inventory, because the same vendor would be biased towards his products. This would lead to the development of bad relationship between the retailer and the other vendors. After implementation of VMI, forecasting of demand is done by the manufacturer, not by the retailers or distributors and it might hit back, if manufacturer is not competent in judging the patterns of the consumer demand. Challenges faced in implementation of Vendor Managed Inventory Personal Factors Trust: – One of the most important factors which can contribute to the success of the VMI is trust and good relationship between the vendor and the downstream retailer. But in the FMCG sector, where there are a lot of products in the same segment, most of the retailers are unwilling to share their data related to their sales with anyone, even with their supplier. You read "Marketing Ppt" in category "Papers" This leads to the ineffective communication between them and both have to incur huge inventory and management costs. Work ethics and cultural differences: – Each company has its set of work ethics and work culture and if the difference is huge for a vendor and the retailer, then their decisions would not be aligned. Technical Issues Technology is one of the most critical factors in facilitating the implementation of VMI which can also stand as a challenge in the implementation of VMI. A lot of technical systems would have to be installed for the effective working of the VMI. Some of the technical solutions that can facilitate an effective VMI arrangement include: †¢ Electronic data exchange (EDI). EDI transactions can enable suppliers to efficiently manage customer inventory levels remotely. †¢ Replenishment software. These applications allow customers to accurately assess projected service levels (i. . the percentage of requests that can be filled from stock) based on various inventory investments. †¢ Bar coding or radio frequency identification (RFID). These technologies â€Å"tag† products for tracking purposes and can dramatically improve the speed and integrity of the collection and reporting of consumption data. †¢ Forecasting software. These applications gather and analyze infor mation from sales, accounting, order entry, and other business systems, using sophisticated algorithms and predictive modeling techniques to generate fast, accurate demand forecasts. Investment- A lot of investment would be required to install and maintain any of these systems. Properly equipped manpower would be required to operate these tools. Investment would also be required to integrate these tools with each other for efficient functioning of the VMI operations. All this cost would have to be incurred by the vendor and to compensate this cost, he must get returns from the efficient inventory management and higher sales volume due to less stock-outs. Testing- It requires a lot of time and money in testing the various VMI systems after installing them. An extensive testing has to be done for the EDI system before giving it a final green flag for the VMI system. Analysis of Cases of implementing Vendor Managed Inventory Let’s discuss some cases where VMI is implemented: Barilla Spa Case Barilla is largest manufacturer of â€Å"fresh† and â€Å"dry† pasta products with more than 1000 SKUs. It has sales of around $2B and very stable demand at retail level. Challenges it was facing are as under: Retailers didn’t have large inventories to accommodate new products introduced from time to time. Stock outs are quiet frequent at DO’s. Thin margins for both manufacturers and retailers are adding to the problem. Solution offered through VMI: Downstream distribution Center (DC) reports inventory and sales data electronically to Barilla on a daily basis. Barilla is managing the inventory of DC and decides how much to ship to them. According to  Industry Week’s Best Plants 2006 Statistical Profile, 56% of the top 25 plants between 2002 and 2006 have used â€Å"resident suppliers† to manage or replenish inventory. However, the average percentage of purchased materials and components (dollar volume) managed by on-site suppliers is only 13. 7%. So, it seems, there is a time and place for vendor-managed inventory. For example, if you’ve got an expensive manufacturing line and you ask one of your key suppliers to put in the systems and develop the expertise to supply the goods you need on a just-in-time basis, they will do that if they receive a significant portion of their revenues from you, says Steve Banker, service director of supply chain management at ARC Advisory Group, Dedham, Mass. However, you may have a lot of suppliers where you are only 1% of their total revenue — you are not their biggest priority,† Banker says. â€Å"The chances that they will take on added responsibility and costs to manage your inventory is low. † So we can see that size of the business does matter in determining the feasibility of implementing VMI. In addition, there is a certain amount of IT integration that has to go on in order to make the VMI relationship work. For suppliers, they need to be able to get your forecasts on a regular basis, make intelligence out of them and have visibility into your inventory levels on an ongoing basis,† says Banker. â€Å"Turning that into useable intelligence is kind of difficult. Small and midsized companies often don’t have the dedicated IT resources to make that happen, so they struggle. † â€Å"Resident Suppliers† Manage/Replenish Inventory (% Of Plants) Year| No| Yes| 2002| 44| 56| 2003| 52| 48| 2004| 48| 52| 2005| 32| 68| 2006| 44| 56| 2002-2006| 44| 56| Source: Industry Week’s Best Plants 2006 Statistical Profile Percentage Of Purchased Materials And Components (Dollar Volume) Managed By On-Site Suppliers Year| Median| Mean| Minimum| Maximum| 2002| 5. 0| 24. 4| 0. 0| 100. 0| 2003| 0. 0| 12. 2| 0. 0| 100. 0| 2004| 4. 0| 15. 2| 0. 0| 70. 0| 2005| 6. 0| 13. 8| 0. 0| 67. 0| 2006| 4. 2| 15. 1| 0. 0| 95. 0| 2002-2006| 3. 0| 13. 7| 0. 0| 100. 0| Source: Industry Week’s Best Plants 2006 Statistical Profile Similarly, we have case of PG which successfully employed Vendor managed Inventory while ODLO isn’t so successful in implementing the same. Also companies like RUAG aren’t having any financial or strategic benefit out of implementing VMI and hence didn’t go for it. If we analyze the sector in which they operates we come to know, RUAG which is in Airlines sector involves comparatively simpler inventory to maintain while the risk involved in giving away the details was higher. On the other hand, with the scale of business PG is in, it is beneficial for both manufacturer (vendor) as well as distributor (or Retailer) to implement VMI. It can be seen both scale and sector favors PG. GRENDENE, one of the world’s largest footwear manufacturers, implemented Agentrics’ Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) solution and aligned its product replenishment process with the real demand of regional distributors/customers, thus increasing service level, optimizing stocks and boosting sales. ACHIEVED RESULTS: Increase of accuracy in sales forecasts; Increase of sales by 47% for participating retailers; Improved management of a product mix, by reducing or discontinuing low-performance and low-turnover products;   Streamlined replenishment of high-performance products; Excellent overall result with customers using the solution. VONPAR With Agentrics’ VMI solution, acquired a full, web-based supply chain KPI tool. Vonpar Refrescos, Brazil’s fourth largest Coca-Cola bottling company with products reaching 14 million consumers, implemented Agentrics’ Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) solution and with it acquired a complete web-based KPI tool. KPI’s track internal and client stock levels, demand planning, order administration, as well as automation of Vonpar’s product replenishment process, improving service and optimizing stock levels, while improving customer relationships. ACHIEVED RESULTS : Average sales increase of 26 percent in the first 12 months after the solution’s implementation; Significant increase in sales of juices, tea and beer, which reflects improved stock planning for greater availability of products at store level; Maximized speed in the exchange of sales information at store level; Stock optimization allowing Vonpar to have the right product at the right time in the right place; Commercial team freed up to focus on avoiding out-of-stocks. SYNGENTA Implemented Agentrics’ VMI solution to manage stock jointly with its suppliers. Syngenta, a world-leading agri-business committed to sustainable agriculture through innovative research and technology, implemented Agentrics’ Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) solution to manage stock in conjunction with its suppliers ACHIEVED RESULTS: Reduction of communication errors through process automation and visibility to inventories. â€Å"Today, our customers say that for the first time in the agricultural market, a company is able to co-manage inventory demand like large retail chains,† says Marcos Mazza, Supply Chain Manager. NeoGrid has a solution that perfectly suits our business model; Syngenta did not have to adapt to the tool, as the solution metall our needs. † Marcos Mazza, Supply Chain Manager. Conclusion The main purpose of this report is to highlight the taxonomy of implementation problems in VMI. From the cases visited, we can deduce that various factors play key roles in determining whether to go for Vendor Managed Inventory as there are lot of issues and cost involved in implementing the same. Size of the business, Sector of the business in operation, inter-relationship among stakeholders all plays equally important role in the actual decision making. Though there is no clear cut understanding on whether to implement VMI or not but one can easily concur with increasing role of technology and with dynamic demand it is only going to rise. References Williams, M. (1998). Making Consignment and Vendor-Managed Inventory Work For You. APICSInternational Conference. Schreibfeder, J. (1997). Vendor Managed Inventory: there’s more to it than just sell products. Effective Inventory. com Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment Committee. (1998)  Jointly Managed Inventory Approach Provides a Lower Level of Detail. CPFR. Org http://www. scm. ethz. ch/publications/Practitioner_publications/Niranjan_etal_2011_Are_you_ready_for_VMI. pdf http://www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? articleid=1620974;show=abstract http://openarchive. cbs. dk/handle/10398/8229 http://www. supplyon. com/vendor-managed-inventory_at_zf. html http://www. industryweek. com/procurement/vendor-managed-inventory-size-matters How to cite Marketing Ppt, Papers

Collective Memory free essay sample

Not too long ago, pulling down an old landmark to make way for a new highway or other structure usually caused nary a whimper from the public. Such apparent insensitivity to the destruction of part of the citys heritage was widely attributed to a lack of a sense of belonging, or, more bluntly, a refugee mentality. Not anymore. The much publicized protests over the demolition of an old ferry pier seem to have awakened the public sentiment described by sociologists as collective memory. It is a term new to many in the city. All the years I have lived in Hong Kong, I have never heard it mentioned. This new concern must be a good thing because caring about our past is seen as reflecting our heightened sense of belonging. Our love for this city which we call home is embedded in our memories, which can be brought back in a flash by a familiar building, road, teahouse or song. We will write a custom essay sample on Collective Memory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The about-to-be demolished ferry pier with a clock tower, built in the 1960s has little to distinguish itself either in design or scale. But it was, for many years, the favorite rendezvous for young men and women. In time, that rather plain and utilitarian structure assumed an aura of romance enshrined in the hearts of countless Hong Kong couples. To be sure, we still have the leisurely ferries, the clattering trolleys and the cable peak trams to arouse our collective memory. But we are beginning to miss those symbols of our past that we have lost and gain a new passion for holding onto the ones that are fast slipping from our grasp. This passion is about preserving a slice of life that is shared and cherished by the people of Hong Kong. It must be distinguished from commercial projects dolling up old buildings as new entertainment centers or tourist attractions. Hong Kong people paid little attention to the demolition of the quaint red brick railway terminal in Tsimshatsui many years ago. Only a lonely clock towel remains to remind us of the romantic days of rail travel. But the public is taking an active role in the ongoing discussions about the use of various old public buildings. They include the former marine police headquarters on a small knoll in Tsimshatsui and the Central Police Station on Hollywood Road in the center of town. This new passion for preservation doesnt mean that Hong Kong people have become particularly sentimental or nostalgic. Collective memory leaped to our consciousness at a time when we are facing unprecedented challenges. In face of mounting competition from mainland cities, the question of relevance becomes ominously pressing. As confidence is waning, Hong Kong people are delving into their past in hope of rekindling the spirit, regenerating the energy and reestablishing the will power which helped them turn formidable challenges into spectacular opportunities. Lessons of these glorious struggles are deeply ingrained not so much in official records or history books as in the collective memory of Hong Kong people. Much of those memories were thrust into the dark recesses of our minds in the go-go years of the 90s, when speculative daring replaced brainpower and hard work as the passport to wealth. The prolonged recession brought about by the Asian financial crisis in late 1997 was taken by many as an excuse for indulging in self-pity, rather than reflecting on past excesses. Now that Hong Kong has emerged from that painful economic down-cycle, we can focus our attention on rediscovering our traditional strengths in our collective memory to utilize the unprecedented opportunities presented to us by the economic development on the mainland. E-mail: [emailprotected] com. cn